Погода в горах, и в чём её отличие от погоды/климата на равнине — В естественной среде обитания

Есть также мои смежные статьи про климат и погоду:
→ «О прогнозах погоды, и какие сайты лучше для прогноза»
→ и «Как узнать о климате и погоде в каком-то конкретном месте без опрашивания людей (а также сайты со статистикой по климатическим данным»).

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ:

• Погода в горах.
• Осадки в горах. И почему разные склоны гор могут сильно разниться по количеству выпадаемых осадков.
• Условия для града в горах и на равнине.
• Ветер в горах.

Погода в горах

Вообще, имеется весьма универсальный метод определения температуры в каком-то месте, если известна его высота и высота близлежащего пункта, о котором есть погодные/климатические данные:
При подъёме в горы на каждые 100 метров температура воздуха опускается в среднем примерно на 0,6-0,7 градусов (или при подъёме на 1000 метров — опускается на 6-7 градусов).

Однако, это при так называемых «прочих равных условиях» (если тот же склон горы, если облака/тучи так же будут висеть или не висеть над данными объектами, и если будут теми же самыми некоторые другие факторы помельче).
И редко бывает, что все «прочие равные условия» почти одинаковы (а 100% совпадений быть просто не может в данной ситуации). Однако, общая тенденция укладывается именно в эти 6-6,5 градусов разницы на каждые 1000 метров повышения или понижения.

Кстати, температура кипения воды на большой высоте в горах меньше, чем в низовьях. На высоте 1500 метров — вода кипит при 95 градусах, на 3000 метров — при 90, а на 6000 м — при 80. Всё это происходит по той причине, что чем выше, тем давление воздуха понижается.

Море облаков в горах Кабардино-Балкарии. Через минут 40 оно настигнет фотографа (также поднимающегося выше на хребет), и потом будут 6-7 дождливых часов, во время которых важнее было найти правильную тропу в Северную Осетию, чем замёрзнуть от отсутствия солнца.

На солнечной стороне склона горы всегда будет теплее, чем на северной (но в южном полушарии наоборот) — разница обычно примерно в 2-3 градуса (если склон под углом около 30-40 градусов). Это по той простой причине, что южный склон намного лучше и быстрее прогревается солнечными лучами, падающими на него более перпендикулярно и КПД от такого нагревания гораздо выше.

Чем круче и вертикальнее гора/скала, тем разница больше (а если, например, солнечные лучи вообще не попадают на склон, то бывает так, что там до полудня остаётся почти та же температура, что была и ночью).
Правда, эта разница температур существует лишь в дневное время, в ночное же разница сходит почти на нет (ну может быть, 1 градус разницы будет — ибо, земля на солнечной стороне прогрелась лучше и ночью отдаёт это накопленное тепло).

На закате Светила в горах Верхней Сванетии в Грузии. Снимок сделан с высоты почти 3000 метров. А те снежные хребты до 4800-5000 метров в высоту.

Осадки в горах

Почти всегда и везде на горе и её склонах осадки выпадают больше, нежели в месте на ближайшей равнине или у подножия сей горы. Причина этого кроется в том, что горы притягивают тучи и облака.

Если в каком-то городе на равнине (от коего около 15-30 км до подножия ближайшей очень высокой горы) выпадает, например, 1000 мм осадков в год, то в селе у подножия этой самой горы может быть уже около 1500 мм осадков (ибо, тучи больше кружатся на горе и близ неё, чем над соседней равниной). И чем выше какая-то точка на этом склоне горы, тем больше там будет осадков, скорее всего.

Максимум выпадения осадков обычно приходится на самый высокий хребет и на пик сей горы. На вершине этой же горы осадков вполне может выпадать в 2-3 раза больше по сравнению с подножием  (если высота горы около 2000-3000 метров)… Так же именно верхушки гор чаще всего окутаны тучами и облаками, в то время как низ горы давно уже пропустил эти скопления водяного пара на их пути вверх. И те внизу там особо не задерживаются обычно.

В горах Сванетии (Грузия). В центре кадра — гора Ушба (h=4800 метров)… Чем больше и выше гора/хребет, тем больше они притягивают облака и тучи… Разница между пиком сей горы Ушба и дном долины — ровно 3000 метров (фотограф — ровно на половине этой дистанции). Осадков на горе всегда выпадает больше, чем у её подножия.

Если один склон длинного хребта большой горы (особенно это проявляется на высотах от 2000-3000 метров и выше) находится лицом к морю (расположенному, скажем, на расстоянии около 5-100 км от подножия сей горы), и это место само по себе довольно дождливое (а близ моря это довольно часто бывает), то по другую сторону хребта картина может быть совсем другая — там бывает намного суше (раза в 2, а то и 3).

Это происходит потому, что идущие с моря дожди (а испарение воды с поверхности моря происходит намного больше, чем с земли) основной свой удар обрушивают на ближайший к ним склон хребта, и дальше просачиваются лишь те облака и тучи, что не выплеснули свои осадки на первый попавшийся склон и хребет.

В горах Кабардино-Балкарии. Сей туман (они же облака) постепенно двигались в сторону главного Кавказского хребта (который там вдали в самом конце долины), за коим Грузия.

Примерно то же самое может происходить и вдали от моря… Например, возьмём яркий пример — горы Гималаи — самые грандиозные горы на сей планете. Грандиознейшие как по высоте, так и по общей территории своей горной империи.
Как известно, главный хребет Гималаев — это естественная граница между Индией, Непалом (они с южной стороны хребта) и Китаем, который с северной стороны. Там есть ещё Бутан, но мы его не будем затрагивать, ибо туда очень сложно попасть обычному НЕбогатому туристу.

Осадки в облаках и тучах, идущих с равнинного юга на север к гималайским горам, в первую очередь заливают южные склоны гималайских гор. И далее к северу просачивается уже намного меньшая часть осадков.

А к северу от главного Гималайского хребта расположен специфический регион Тибет — плато на высотах 3200-5000 метров с очень сухим климатом, и его ещё называют «высокогорная пустыня».
Правда, осадков для пустыни там бывает многовато в некоторых местах. Но тем не менее, их в 5-10 раз меньше по сравнению с местами на южных склонах Гималаев, и в среднем раза в 2 меньше, чем в Москве… А пустыней ещё и потому называется, что там очень холодно, и мало что произрастает, по сему и пустынным кажется регион.

На хребте Баргушат (в южной Армении) на высоте 3300 метров. Один час назад на этом хребте выпал сильный дождь, мне его пришлось пережидать в тех грузовых машинах (что еле видно вдали на оном хребте)… И теперь согревающийся под лучами солнца водяной пар снова спешит подняться (а поднимается равномерно с обоих сторон хребта, ибо осадки выпали равномерно, да и море почти одинаково удалено от обоих склонов)… Но я успею уйти вниз, и меня он больше не застигнет.

Условия для града в горах и на равнине

Ну в этом абзаце не столько о граде в горах, сколько вообще. По моим наблюдениям, чаще всего град выпадает в том месте и в то время, когда температурный диапазон 20-25 градусов, в связи с чем крайне редко его можно увидеть в приполярных и в субтропических широтах (правда, высоко в горах на широте тропиков шансы на градо-образование выше, поскольку в горах прохладнее). Например, во время моего трёх-годичного пребывания в южной и Ю-В Азии я его там, кажется, вообще не засвидетельствовал. Ночью град практически никогда не бывает.

Как я замечал, на выпадение града шансов гораздо больше тогда, когда как минимум несколько дней в данной местности стоит сухая и малооблачная погода (и чтобы днём доходило примерно до 20-28 градусов).

Град почти всегда выпадает одновременно с ливнем или перед оным, но почти никогда после ливня. Градовые вихри порой очень сильные.

Градовые облака почти всегда имеют НЕ широкую форму (то есть, при граде значительная часть неба никогда не будет затянута облаками), а высокую несколько-этажную форму (то есть, на одно такое облако облокачиваются другие его сородичи). Также, градовые облака/тучи часто вытягиваются в длину, и град идёт полосой.

Есть также один занятный факт, что громкий звук обычно может предотвращать выпадение града или способствовать появлению градин меньших размеров. По сему, в ранние века для спасения полей с посевами старались звонить в колокола или даже стрелять из пушек. А в Армении рядом с полями я видел пушки, направленные в небо, огороженные решёткой и снабжённые газовым баллоном (видимо, пушка стреляет по какой-то команде с удалённого доступа).

Ветер в горах

На вершине хребта ветер обычно намного сильнее, чем внизу. Ибо, на вершину он налетает со всех сторон, и препятствий далее у него нет. Стоит спуститься на 20-50 метров, как зачастую ветер значительно утихает. Бывает так, что ветер на вершине настолько сильный, что может сдуть восходителя.

***

Это была одна из статей рубрики «советы путешественникам (в основном новичкам)».

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For example, http://www.weather4mountain.com/ can supply you with specialist, timely and accurate weather forecasts for climbing, backcountry skiing or mountaineering, and even monitor your progress by tracker and send advance warning of potential hazards right to your mobile or satellite phone.The cost of this kind of services is also quite high and each tariff plan is selected individually. For example, the cost of one weather message can reach 7 USD, and a one-year subscription can cost up to 1500 USD. 90004 90003 The Mountain Planet project really hopes that this information will be useful not only for outdoor enthusiasts but also for advanced climbers. If you notice that we have not taken into account any important aspect of the topic discussed above, we encourage you to actively share this information with the alpine community through comments on this article.90004 .90000 How to Keep Safe if you Go Walking in the Mountains 90001 90002 90003 Going for a 90004 hike 90005 or walk in the mountains is a great way to reconnect with nature, step outside of our busy lives and gain some 90004 perspective 90005 while enjoying the 90004 view 90005. It can be a personally rewarding as well as enjoyable way to spend the weekend. All this perspective will come to nothing if you do not be considerate of the often precarious 90004 environment 90005 a mountain walk can be.Even if a calm day and the conditions seem perfect, there are many 90004 potential dangers 90005 while walking in the mountains. At 90004 oneHOWTO 90005 we do not want to discourage you. Knowing 90004 how to keep safe if you go walking in the mountains 90005 means you can share memories of your 90004 adventure 90005 by keeping you 90004 safe 90005 and respecting the inspiring awe of rocky nature. 90022 90003 Steps to follow: 90022 90003 1 90022 90027 Plan your hike 90028 90003 Going for a walk in the mountains has many different incarnations.You may want to go for a leisurely stroll up some 90004 easily accessible hills 90005 or bring out the climbing gear and tackle some 90004 steep slopes 90005. Either way, good planning can mean the difference between an invigorating afternoon and a disaster. Check out your route. If your hike is in a national park or somewhere well known for hiking, then it is likely you are walking where others have gone before. They will have special routes and often signposted areas. Check routes, mark them on your map and have a contingency plan if there is some reason your chosen route is unavailable.90022 90003 Part of your planning will be to gauge the environment. Another is to gauge yourself and your party. Know your fitness levels and set realistic targets for yourselves. Just because you are eager and raring to go, does not mean everyone in your group is on the same page. If someone says they are not feeling well or need to pace themselves, pushing them too hard can be counterproductive. Knowledge of and experience on the mountains are important, especially on rockier terrain, so trust them.If this means going with a guide, it will not take away from your day. That is unless your ego is more important than your 90004 safety 90005. 90022 90003 Before you leave, if you find that the weather has got worse, or if you are not feeling healthy that day, then you may select an easier route. You may even want to plan for some other day. Experience will help you gauge the risk, but caution is important. If the weather suddenly changes during the trek, then 90004 do not feel ashamed 90005 to return back.90022 90043 90003 2 90022 90027 90004 Bring the right equipment 90005 90028 90003 The right equipment is known thanks to 90004 good planning 90005. Although going out for a hike is different in summer than it is in winter, there are similar considerations. One of the most important is your shoes. Hiking boots do not only keep you comfortable, they can keep you safe. A solid sole will help you over crags and rocks. If there is a chance of rain or you need to cross water, then keeping them as dry as possible will be important.If not, you might be at risk of damp feet which can even lead to pneumonia in extreme cases. Your boots should be appropriate for the terrain at hand. 90022 90003 A light 90004 walking shoe 90005 might be good for a short hike, but if you will be walking over a lot of uneven ground, you may need a boot. This is because boots will help keep your ankle supported when going for a walk on the mountain. If you want to stay safe while hiking, your boots should not be too tight or too loose. A loose boot can lead to abrasions on your feet.Even small ones can be hazardous and certainly be uncomfortable. Socks are also important to stay safe when walking in the mountains. They will help keep you warm and comfortable and 90004 reduce injury 90005 causing stress on your feet. 90022 90003 As you move up a mountain, the winds may become stronger and nights colder. Even if it is summer time and the weather is fine at sea level, snow or rain may appear suddenly out of nowhere. It is a good idea to bring along a 90004 waterproof jacket or fleece 90005 with you, regardless of the weather.You would rather have one and not need it, than need one and not have it. Make sure you know how to prevent hypothermia if you are planning on hiking in cold areas. 90022 90003 If you are on a serious hike, then you should bring a means of communicating with people on the ground. Bringing a mobile phone will be useful, but only within range. If you are going on a long hike, a satellite phone or some other way of communicating might be necessary. You should not only plan for what you expect, but also the 90004 unexpected 90005.You might be used to Google Maps finding your way to the nearest supermarket, but this might not be as useful on a mountain. A good ole fashioned 90004 compass and map 90005 might be your best bet to stay safe. 90022 90070 90003 3 90022 90027 Hydration is key 90028 90003 Perhaps the most important thing you need to bring if you want to stay safe on the mountains, is water. Bring loads of water on your trek. Intense heat and sun, together with 90076 mountain climbing 90077, may lead to dehydration.You can feel hot and thirsty even during the winter. Experts advise not to drink from a river, unless you have someone in your group who knows the source. Water purifying tablets can be helpful, especially in emergencies. Make sure you are clear on how much water you should take hiking. 90022 90003 Energy levels are important when walking on a mountain, especially if you find yourself in trouble. You should bring some high energy food which is concentrated and can be 90004 stored easily 90005.This means if you do get lost, you might be able to power through. Bringing too much can weigh you down, so just bring the necessities. 90022 90083 90003 4 90022 90027 Staying safe in the sun 90028 90003 The sun will light up your view and help with some really good pictures. However, it can also work against you when walking in the mountains if you’re not careful. Even in winter, the sun can be strong and cause sunburn and sunstroke. Sunburns are more of a concern in the long term as it can damage your skin.However, sunstroke can deplete your energy levels drastically and might mean you can not get back even with relatively little to go. Even if you feel determined, your body will start to tell you if you are getting too hot. It is better to turn around than persevere and pay the price. 90022 90003 Keep your head covered and 90004 apply sunscreen 90005. Sun is going to be stronger at heights, so you have to be extra careful while going high up in the mountains. Sunglasses will also be useful as sun can damage your eyes and make it difficult to say safe.This is especially so in the winter snow. The sun will be lower in the sky, but still strong. It will also reflect off the white snow, which is why many skiers can be seen with lots of sunscreen on their noses. 90022 90094 90003 5 90022 90027 Do not go it alone 90028 90003 Inform your family and friends about where you are going. Whether hiking on your own or in a group, you want to be in contact with people. Give the map of your route to someone and follow it strictly. Also tell them how long you are going to do 90076 trekking 90077.If you do not return back by a specific date, the friend should become alert and take necessary steps. Time is of the essence in an emergency, so if you fall or get lost, rescue services will find yoou more easily and can provide treatment if they known exactly where you’ll be. 90022 90003 If you are in doubt, ask for 90004 expert advice 90005. Collect up to date weather conditions about the mountain and plan accordingly. 90022 90003 6 90022 90027 Be careful of wildlife 90028 90003 Staying safe while walking in the mountains is also about being vigilant.While the environment and your own physicality need to be considered, so to do the animals which share this environment. 90004 Keep an eye out 90005 for signs of bear warnings or other dangerous creatures. This should be part of your planning. Known what to look for and how to deal with them if you encounter them. Do not approach wild animals and be careful if you are eating food not to leave it out and attract them. If you see signs of wild animals, particularly if there is a den or nest, then you might want to reroute your walk.This is another reason why alternative and backup routes at the planning stage can be so helpful on a hike. 90022 90003 Large animals might be more noticeable, but you should also be careful of insects like ticks. These can latch on to your skin and even cause 90004 infection 90005. Wearing longer protective pants in areas with a lot of ticks is advised. 90022 90119 90003 7 90022 90027 First aid on the mountain 90028 90003 Anyone who has seen 90125 127 Hours 90126 will know that a fall can lead to disaster.This could be the case if a big rock crushes your hand, but even 90004 minor scrapes and cuts 90005 can be more dangerous on the mountainside. A nick or gash could lead to excessive bleeding. Blood infections like septicaemia can also occur if you cut yourself on something dirty. Bringing a basic first aid kid is a minimum, but you or someone in the party should also know how to use it. 90022 90003 Bringing a pen knife or simple universal tool can also be extremely 90004 useful 90005. Not just for practical things like opening food containers or getting mud of your boots, but for trimming bandages or the like.90022 90003 90004 Staying safe while going for a walk or hike in the mountains 90005 is something you need to consider. But once you have thought of all the possibilities and come prepared, it means you can get on with enjoying your trek into nature. 90022 90003 If you want to read similar articles to 90004 How to Keep Safe if you Go Walking in the Mountains 90005, we recommend you visit our Recreational activities category. 90022 .